As of the 2000 census, there were 39,043 people, 14,630 households, and 19,465 families residing in the city. The population density was 708.1/km² (1,574.9/mi²). There were 19,372 housing units at an average density of 255.0/km² (660.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 43.04% White, 52.24% African American, 0.43% Native American, 1.44% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.69% of the population.
There were 14,630 households out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the city the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. Because of the warm climate, low cost of living, and proximity of Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, many military retirees live in the area.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,456, and the median income for a family was $34,844. Males had a median income of $26,223 versus $21,850 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,614. About 15.4% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under age 18 and 17.5% of those age 65 or over.
The closest airport is Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport, but is only used for general aviation. The nearest public airport is Kinston Regional Jetport (IATA: ISO) in Kinston about 28 miles east of Goldsboro, although most residents use Raleigh-Durham International Airport for domestic and international travel.
Major highways that run through the city are US 70 (the main thoroughfare through Goldsboro), US 13, US 117, Highway 111, and Highway 581. I-795 now connects Goldsboro to I-95 in Wilson.
The city has a bus system known as Gateway which runs four routes.